Earthquakes are one of the most life-threatening natural disasters for human beings. Since earthquakes cannot be accurately predicted, among the most important tasks of the post-earthquake emergency response are to assess the damage in a timely manner, to perform emergency command and rescue, and to prevent secondary disasters. To ensure a smooth start to post-earthquake work, a reliable rapid earthquake disaster assessment system needs to be established, so that effective earthquake assessment results can be quickly obtained after the earthquake, which can help in the rescue and material distribution. Therefore, in this study, we attempt to establish a framework for a rapid earthquake disaster assessment system. The framework includes three modules: the rapid assessment of earthquake intensity, the estimation of economic damage and casualties, and the distribution of rescue materials. We use methods such as regression and entropy methods for the rapid assessment of earthquakes and obtain the results of earthquake intensity analysis, casualty prediction, economic loss prediction, and relief material distribution after an earthquake. These results can help the government in its post-earthquake activities and can also give the public a clearer picture of the impact of the earthquake. The error between the earthquake intensity analysis results and the actual situation is about 21%, which is in line with the Chinese disaster mitigation and emergency response requirements (error < 30%), giving our results a high reference value. In the material distribution, multiple dimensions are introduced for the analysis and a reasonable value is obtained. The system can calculate the results within 2 min after obtaining the input data, demonstrating its timeliness. Moreover, on the basis of the established system, we attempt to design a rapid assessment platform for earthquake disaster, which can help the assessment and rescue in future earthquake disasters. The system can be experienced by visiting https://earthquick.peteralbus.com/.