On the basis of the monthly wind speed data and land use data from 81 meteorological observation stations in Heilongjiang Province from 1971 to 2020, we used the urban and rural comparison method to quantitatively analyze the impact of urbanization on near-surface wind speed. The results showed the following: (1) The annual mean wind speed in Heilongjiang Province showed a decreasing trend with a rate of change of −0.23 m/s per 10 annum (10 a) in the most recent 50 years. The annual mean wind speed and its change rate showed a “high–low–high” spatial distribution from north to south. (2) The annual mean wind speed at the urban stations in Heilongjiang Province was slightly higher than that at rural stations, with a difference of 0.11 m/s. The annual mean wind speed at urban stations and rural stations decreased at a rate of −0.243 and −0.215 (m/s)/10 a, respectively. (3) The impact of urbanization on the decreasing trend of annual mean wind speed in Heilongjiang Province was −0.03 (m/s)/10 a, indicating that urbanization was responsible for 22.6% of the overall decrease.