Facing the increasingly strong demand for quality urban residential space, we studied the temporal needs for and satisfaction with residential space and public service facilities in communities and residential districts. In this study, data sources including geographical data from remote sensing satellite sensors, point of interest (POI), area of interest (AOI), and Baidu Maps from mobile phone sensors were used, and multi-source data process and analysis technologies were studied. A multi-level analytical method was established, which included the overall analysis of the allocation of community public service facilities, the evaluation of three categories of public service facilities in residential districts, and the analysis of population mobility and characterizations of residents. A functional mix index and a coordinated development index were adopted, and an indicator evaluation system based on methods of computing coverage and compliance was proposed. Taking the core area of Beijing as an example, we analyzed detailed allocation conditions of public service facilities, including their spatial and temporal insufficiencies. Our results show that residential districts in the core area of Beijing should consider safe sites and park layouts within the walking range of living areas, improve the quality of property services, and create a multi-functional living environment. In this study, we offer methods of studying the distribution of small-scale urban population structures and evaluating the quality of urban residential space; we thereby provide useful information for the planning and management of urban public service facilities.