In this study, the luminescence properties of Au-doped CsCl (ACC) translucent ceramics after irradiation were investigated with the aim of developing new radiation detection materials using Au nanoparticles. The prepared ACC translucent ceramics showed two main emissions (520 nm) upon UV-ray (~340 nm) irradiation, and the luminescence intensity after X-ray irradiation was found to change with time. We concluded that this luminescence behavior may be attributed to (i) the generation of luminescent Au nanoclusters (AuNCs) by X-ray irradiation or (ii) the excitation of AuNCs due to F-centers generated by X-ray irradiation, but a detailed study is needed to elucidate the mechanism. Moreover, as a result of investigating the variation in luminescence intensity with X-ray dose, it was found that there is a monotonically increasing dose range of luminescence intensity in the NIR region. This suggests that ACC functions as an X-ray detector in a specific dose region.