In this study, we use surface data (MCD43A3), snow cover data (MOD10A2) provided by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, and land cover products of the European Space Agency to analyze the spatiotemporal variation characteristics of surface albedo in Northeast China from 2001 to 2020. We quantified the differences in surface albedo between different land cover types under snow and nonsnow conditions. We found that the annual average surface albedo in Northeast China from 2001 to 2020 was about 0.21. The surface albedo has hardly changed over the past 20 years, but there are significant seasonal characteristics. The highest is in winter (0.36), followed by spring (0.18) and autumn (0.17), and the lowest is in summer (0.13). The overall spatial distribution characteristics are high in the east and west and low in the north, south, and central parts. The magnitude of albedo is related to different land cover types, mainly reflecting the significant difference in albedo between sparse low-vegetation and dense high-vegetation areas. When dense and high vegetation transitions to sparse and low vegetation, the albedo significantly increases, especially in winter when snow is present. These results would be beneficial for better understanding the land cover and eco-environment changes in Northeast China.