In this study, we analyze the spatial changes in land surface cover within Beijing’s ecological protection red line using geographic national survey and monitoring data from 2015, 2017, and 2019. Through global and local Moran’s I spatial autocorrelation methods, we identify regions of intensive human activity, significant ecological restoration, and notable ecological degradation within the protected zones. According to the principle of “what you see is what you get”, the surface coverage within the ecological protection red line is divided into two categories and eight subcategories, and the land-use transfer matrix and land-use dynamics model are used to qualitatively determine the changes in land cover type within the ecological protection red line. Quantitative change extraction and analysis are conducted by taking each vector patch that has changed as the research unit, taking ecological and non-ecological land outflow patches as research subjects, calculating Moran’s I index to measure the spatial correlation, and detecting them separately. The spatial correlation among changed patches can thus be used to identify areas of intensive human activity within the ecological protection red line. Studies have shown that the ecological land within the ecological protection red line from 2015 to 2019 is in an outflow state as a whole, and various changed patches have obvious spatial autocorrelation effects. Fifteen areas show high human activities, including Wuling Mountain and the surrounding mountains. Significant signs of man-made damage have occurred in six areas in Songshan, namely, the Yudu Mountain Reserve, the Nanhaizi Park, the Miyun Reservoir, the Huaisha Huaijiu River, and the Pinggu section (southwest section) of the Yanghe River. It is recommended to increase the supervision of the above areas and implement significant ecological restoration. The Miyun section of the Jingmi Water Diversion Canal and eight other areas all coexist with man-made destruction and repair activities. The research provides a decision-making basis for strictly observing the red line of ecological protection, accelerating the construction of beautiful sites in Beijing and the construction of ecological civilization. The research method is also applicable to the monitoring of changes in land surface cover within the red line of ecological protection in other regions of the country.