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S&M4600 Research https://doi.org/10.18494/SAM6190 Published: August 28, 2026 Preliminary Study on Data Consistency of S-100-based Product Specifications for Ensuring S-98 Interoperability: Focusing on S-101 and S-102 Empirical Data [PDF] Min Sung Kim, Yun-Soo Choi, Je Hyung Tak, Sun Phil Hwang, and Seung Ryul Lee (Received November 24, 2025; Accepted July 29, 2026) Keywords: S-100, S-101, ENC, S-102, S-98, S-158
The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has adopted revised Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS) performance standards that support the operational use of S-100-based hydrographic products, with optional implementation beginning in 2026 and mandatory implementation from 2029. During this digital transformation, interoperability issues among S-100 product specifications, including Electronic Navigational Charts (S-101) and Bathymetric Surface (S-102), have become critical concerns. S-101 represents charted soundings through selected point-based depth information edited for nautical chart production, whereas S-102 provides gridded bathymetric information in which the shallowest depth within each cell is used as the representative value. Although both product specifications are intended to support consistent portrayal and safe navigation, differences in data structure and depth representation may result in discrepancies in displayed depth information, potentially causing ambiguity in navigational interpretation and reducing safety. Therefore, semantic consistency and data reliability between S-100-based products must be ensured beyond formal compliance with individual product specifications. In this study, a comprehensive data governance framework is proposed as a fundamental approach to addressing these interoperability issues. The proposed framework covers policy and technical management across the entire data lifecycle, including data generation, validation, distribution, and updating. By establishing consistent governance mechanisms, the proposed approach is expected to improve data quality, enhance reliability among S-100 product specifications, and contribute to the successful implementation and operational use of the S-100 framework in digital hydrographic information services.
Corresponding author: Yun-Soo Choi![]() ![]() This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Cite this article Min Sung Kim, Yun-Soo Choi, Je Hyung Tak, Sun Phil Hwang, and Seung Ryul Lee, Preliminary Study on Data Consistency of S-100-based Product Specifications for Ensuring S-98 Interoperability: Focusing on S-101 and S-102 Empirical Data, Sens. Mater., Vol. 38, No. 8, 2026, p. 4885-4896. |