In this study, we evaluated the applicability and performance of the textile-reinforced mortar (TRM) reinforcement method to effectively recover the structural performance of the damaged reinforced concrete (RC) beam. Acoustic emission (AE) sensing was employed to monitor damage progression and interfacial behavior during flexural loading. Existing RC structures have deteriorated structural safety owing to aging and damage due to an external environment, and various repair and reinforcement methods have been proposed to compensate for this. In this study, experiments were conducted to evaluate the reinforcement and bending performance of TRM. The actual reinforcement effect was verified by setting the damage load level as a variable. As a result, it was confirmed that TRM reinforcement is effective in restoring the structural performance of damaged RC beams.