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Sensors and Materials, Volume 38, Number 10(3) (2026)
Copyright(C) MYU K.K.
pp. 5933-5954
S&M4660 Report
https://doi.org/10.18494/SAM6269
Published: October 29, 2026

Interactive Orchard Intrusion Detection System Using Sensors and Human-in-the-Loop Control [PDF]

Li-Chan Lu, Min-Chie Chiu, Dyi-Cheng Chen, Shih-Ming Cho, and Tian-Syung Lan

(Received January 29, 2026; Accepted October 19, 2026)

Keywords: interactive, security, ultrasonic sensor, sound player, remote monitoring, four-bar linkage

To mitigate agricultural crop losses caused by wildlife and unauthorized intrusions, an interactive orchard intrusion detection system combining edge-level automation and human-in-the-loop control was developed. The system integrates an Arduino Mega 2560 microcontroller, a servo-mounted 180° scanning ultrasonic sensor, multi-modal deterrents, and an Internet Protocol camera for real-time smartphone verification. Experimental results for performance evaluation showed a spatial detection accuracy of 94.0%, an average local response latency of 420 ms, and a false-positive rejection rate of 89.5% against environmental clutter such as wind-driven foliage. Despite these advantages, the system presented limitations: ultrasonic susceptibility to severe weather and dense vegetation, reliance on manual human verification under intermittent rural connectivity, and vulnerability to pest habituation and high power demands. To address these limitations, it is necessary to incorporate edge AI for autonomous threat classification, solar-assisted energy harvesting for power-supply autonomy, and long-range-based decentralized communication protocols to ensure long-range operation. The improved system serves as a scalable, low-cost solution for precision agriculture.

Corresponding author: Min-Chie Chiu


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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Cite this article
Li-Chan Lu, Min-Chie Chiu, Dyi-Cheng Chen, Shih-Ming Cho, and Tian-Syung Lan, Interactive Orchard Intrusion Detection System Using Sensors and Human-in-the-Loop Control, Sens. Mater., Vol. 38, No. 10, 2026, p. 5933-5954.



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