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Sensors and Materials, Volume 38, Number 9(4) (2026)
Copyright(C) MYU K.K.
pp. 5557-5570
S&M4638 Report
https://doi.org/10.18494/SAM6446
Published: September 30, 2026

A Multi-frequency Bioelectrical Impedance Sensing System with Polynomial Modeling [PDF]

Chen-Chia Chou, Zhi-Yu Lin, Cheng-Fu Yang, and Jian-Chiun Liou

(Received May 21, 2026; Accepted August 31, 2026)

Keywords: multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance sensing (MF-BISA), hemodialysis monitoring, pulse oximetry (SpO2 sensing), multi-modal physiological sensing, fluid status assessment

Electrocardiogram-related physiological activity and blood oxygen concentration (SpO2) are critical indicators for monitoring cardiovascular status. In this study, we integrate pulse rate and SpO2 signals with a multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance sensing distribution analysis (MF-BISA) framework to determine the optimal timing for hemodialysis termination. These sensing modalities provide complementary physiological information for evaluating hemodynamic response and fluid status. In water-retentive patients, body impedance changes dynamically with fluid redistribution, tissue hydration, and electrolyte balance during hemodialysis. Therefore, continuous bioelectrical impedance sensing enables the non-invasive monitoring of physiological fluid variations. The proposed MF-BISA framework applies multi-frequency electrical currents and analyzes voltage responses to characterize tissue-dependent impedance behavior during dialysis. A numerical signal analysis framework processes multi-site impedance data from sensor patches at the cardiac output (chest) and peripheral (calf) regions. Impedance distribution curves over a 4 h session are constructed for both locations. Physiological equilibrium is reached when body fluid volume, tissue hydration, and electrolyte concentration converge, reflected by the intersection of the two curves. Experimental results show a crossover point at approximately 1.94 h, indicating the optimal dialysis termination time. In this work, we developed a sensor-driven multi-modal monitoring framework integrating bioelectrical impedance sensing with pulse oximetry to provide a quantitative, real-time solution for fluid status assessment and dialysis optimization.

Corresponding author: Cheng-Fu Yang and Jian-Chiun Liou


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Cite this article
Chen-Chia Chou, Zhi-Yu Lin, Cheng-Fu Yang, and Jian-Chiun Liou, A Multi-frequency Bioelectrical Impedance Sensing System with Polynomial Modeling, Sens. Mater., Vol. 38, No. 9, 2026, p. 5557-5570.



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