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Notice of retraction
Vol. 34, No. 8(3), S&M3042

Notice of retraction
Vol. 32, No. 8(2), S&M2292

Print: ISSN 0914-4935
Online: ISSN 2435-0869
Sensors and Materials
is an international peer-reviewed open access journal to provide a forum for researchers working in multidisciplinary fields of sensing technology.
Sensors and Materials
is covered by Science Citation Index Expanded (Clarivate Analytics), Scopus (Elsevier), and other databases.

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Sensors and Materials, Volume 32, Number 11(1) (2020)
Copyright(C) MYU K.K.
pp. 3559-3566
S&M2358 Technical Paper of Special Issue
https://doi.org/10.18494/SAM.2020.2774
Published: November 10, 2020

Using Machine Learning to Estimate Difficulty Levels of Problems [PDF]

Makoto Koshino and Takuya Koizumi

(Received January 22, 2020; Accepted May 12, 2020)

Keywords: subjective difficulty, wearable device, machine learning, head movement

In an e-learning environment in which a teacher cannot interact directly with a student, it can be difficult to ascertain a student’s difficulty with a subject. In this study, machine learning was used to estimate the level of difficulty of problems experienced by a student to ensure that problems of appropriate difficulty are provided. JINS MEME smart eyewear was used to measure the head movements of students and their results were used to estimate the subjective difficulty that they experienced. Our experimental tests demonstrate the F1-scores of machine learning for 10 users who were given calculation, kanji (Chinese characters), and programming problems. The feature importance scores of the random forest (RF) were calculated, and the dependence of F1-score on the type of user was examined. It was found that the mean of the yaw angle was the most important feature in all cases, indicating that the horizontal rotation of the head may depend on the difficulty of the problem.

Corresponding author: Makoto Koshino


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Cite this article
Makoto Koshino and Takuya Koizumi , Using Machine Learning to Estimate Difficulty Levels of Problems , Sens. Mater., Vol. 32, No. 11, 2020, p. 3559-3566.



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