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Vol. 32, No. 8(2), S&M2292

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Sensors and Materials
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Sensors and Materials, Volume 38, Number 4(1) (2026)
Copyright(C) MYU K.K.
pp. 1803-1815
S&M4407 Research paper
https://doi.org/10.18494/SAM6145
Published: April 2, 2026

Design, Fabrication, and Characterization of a Textile Force-sensitive Resistor as a Building Block towards Smart Socks [PDF]

Filip Mrkić, Lazar Milić, Bojan Petrović, Igor Putnik, Saima Qureshi, Sanja Kojić, Pedro Galdames, Guillaume Sérandour, and Goran M. Stojanović

(Received December 29, 2025; Accepted March 9, 2026)

Keywords: gait assessment, wearable devices, wearable sensors

With the dawn of wearable electronics, textile has become a natural avenue for incorporating devices with the goal of easing everyday life. Wearable electronics has found its use in medicine by enforcing concepts such as telemedicine and passive data acquisition. Now, textile electronics has begun to show its high potential in the healthcare field, through noninvasive devices or assistive parts to conventional electronic equipment. In gait analysis, the use of commercial force-sensing resistors (FSRs) has shown high applicability; however, their coarseness in contact with the skin has yet to be overcome. In this paper, we present the design, fabrication, and characterization of FSRs, completely based on conductive textiles and thread, with a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) spacer foil. Two shapes of the interdigitated electrodes were explored, aside from varying the number of gaps in the PVC spacer (which defines the total contact area), to find the optimal combination that would best suit the transducer in terms of sensitivity. The sensitivity, repeatability, and reproducibility of each of the possible shape and contact area combinations were calculated. Finally, the feasibility of a textile-based FSR sock for gait analysis is presented. The showcased FSRs demonstrate that there is a high potential for the application of the proposed FSRs in wearable devices, not only for gait analysis, but also in physical rehabilitation procedures.

Corresponding author: Filip Mrkić


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Cite this article
Filip Mrkić, Lazar Milić, Bojan Petrović, Igor Putnik, Saima Qureshi, Sanja Kojić, Pedro Galdames, Guillaume Sérandour, and Goran M. Stojanović , Design, Fabrication, and Characterization of a Textile Force-sensitive Resistor as a Building Block towards Smart Socks , Sens. Mater., Vol. 38, No. 4, 2026, p. 1803-1815.



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