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Sensors and Materials, Volume 38, Number 2(3) (2026)
Copyright(C) MYU K.K.
pp. 1103-1117
S&M4366 Research paper
https://doi.org/10.18494/SAM6230
Published: February 27, 2026

A Smart and Noncontact Infusion Monitoring and Alert System Based on ESP32-C3 with IoT Connectivity [PDF]

Feng-Chia Chuang, Tzu-Wei Chuang, Jian-Chiun Liou, Cheng-Fu Yang, Sheng-Xiong Huang, and Yi-Hui Chen

(Received January 28, 2026; Accepted February 18, 2026)

Keywords: noncontact sensing, capacitive sensor, ESP32-C3, wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi), Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT), IoT

Intravenous (IV) infusion remains one of the most widely performed clinical procedures; however, routine infusion monitoring still relies predominantly on manual inspection by nursing staff. Such reliance increases the risk of delayed bag replacement, undetected flow interruption, backflow, and air embolism, particularly under high workload conditions. In this study, we present a smart, inexpensive, and noncontact infusion monitoring and alert system based on an ESP32-C3 SuperMini microcontroller with IoT connectivity. The proposed system integrates a capacitive noncontact liquid-level sensor, enabling the detection of fluid presence and flow status through the infusion tubing without the direct contact or physical modification of the infusion set, thereby preserving sterility and simplifying clinical deployment. Real-time infusion status is transmitted wirelessly via wireless fidelity using the Message Queuing Telemetry Transport protocol to both a mobile application and a web-based dashboard, supporting centralized multibed monitoring. Local and remote alerts are provided through light-emitting diode indicators, an acoustic buzzer, and optional servo motor actuation for auxiliary mechanical responses. The system architecture, hardware integration, firmware logic, and enclosure design fabricated via fused deposition modeling using polyethylene terephthalate glycol are described in detail. A cost analysis demonstrates that the proposed solution occupies a favorable middle ground between simple standalone infusion alarms and high-cost commercial infusion pumps. Furthermore, an evaluation protocol, safety considerations, and deployment guidelines for pilot clinical use are discussed. Overall, this work provides a practical and minimally invasive approach to digitizing infusion monitoring, enhancing patient safety while reducing nursing workload and integration barriers in existing healthcare workflows.

Corresponding author: Jian-Chiun Liou and Cheng-Fu Yang


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Cite this article
Feng-Chia Chuang, Tzu-Wei Chuang, Jian-Chiun Liou, Cheng-Fu Yang, Sheng-Xiong Huang, and Yi-Hui Chen, A Smart and Noncontact Infusion Monitoring and Alert System Based on ESP32-C3 with IoT Connectivity, Sens. Mater., Vol. 38, No. 2, 2026, p. 1103-1117.



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