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Sensors and Materials, Volume 38, Number 4(4) (2026)
Copyright(C) MYU K.K.
pp. 2233-2244
S&M4433 Report
https://doi.org/10.18494/SAM6266
Published: April 28, 2026

High-precision Software-defined Sensing for Smart Retail and Interactive 3D Displays [PDF]

Lisa C. F. Ying and Wei-Hsi Hung

(Received January 29, 2026; Accepted April 6, 2026)

Keywords: SDS, AI-image sensor, naked-eye 3D, augmented reality, seamless interaction

This study was carried out to validate a software-defined sensing (SDS) architecture that combines AI-vision-enabled image sensors with a deep learning model to replace traditional hardware sensors, such as infrared and ultrasonic sensors, for complex human–computer intent recognition. The architecture was implemented in Picbot, an AI-driven, naked-eye augmented reality interactive platform for smart retail that integrates visual AI with high-performance displays. The Picbot model identifies 1293 2D facial key points, significantly exceeding the 106 points provided by Google MediaPipe, an open-source framework widely used for real-time perception tasks such as facial mesh and skeletal tracking. In operational reliability testing, the architecture achieved a 94.56% success rate in recognizing and triggering composite user intent in controlled indoor environments. Deployment in dynamic outdoor environments achieved a 50.41% social share rate, demonstrating the SDS architecture’s practicality for brand engagement and social dissemination. These results highlight SDS architectures as flexible, high-precision AIoT sensing solutions, marking a transition from hardware-constrained sensing to intelligent, algorithm-defined perception. Despite these results, the transition to algorithm-defined sensing has challenges of system stability in high-traffic environments with fluctuating ambient light. Such challenges can be addressed by employing a hybrid AI tracking strategy and real-time edge processing in complex interactive settings.

Corresponding author: Lisa C. F. Ying


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Cite this article
Lisa C. F. Ying and Wei-Hsi Hung, High-precision Software-defined Sensing for Smart Retail and Interactive 3D Displays, Sens. Mater., Vol. 38, No. 4, 2026, p. 2233-2244.



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