Exploring the dynamics of an urban landscape pattern is significant for urban ecological environment evaluation. Previous studies on urban landscape monitoring are relatively few, making it difficult to comprehensively reflect the characteristics of urban landscape patterns. Here, we proposed a methodological framework to monitor the dynamics of the landscape pattern, vegetation coverage, and the habitat quality using the Landsat imagery obtained from 1999 to 2021 in Beijing, China. First, changes in the landscape characteristics associated with land use were explored by the transfer matrix and landscape metric analysis methods. Subsequently, the dimidiate pixel model was employed to analyze changes in regional vegetation coverage on a landscape perspective. Finally, the habitat quality was evaluated on the basis of remote sensing ecological index (RSEI) model, and the correlation between the habitat quality and the landscape index was retrieved using the gray correlation degree model. The results showed that the landscape pattern underwent fragmentation, and the edge effect was strong. A high vegetation coverage was dominant throughout the landscape, and a medium vegetation coverage was relatively scattered, especially in built-up areas. The landscape was highly fragmented in areas with a low vegetation coverage. There were significant regional differences in habitat quality, and the quality was higher in the northwest and western mountainous areas. Furthermore, there was a strong correlation between the habitat quality and the index-based landscape pattern, which demonstrated the distribution pattern of landscape types significantly impacts habits quality. Overall, these findings are significant for future urban planning and construction.