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Vol. 34, No. 8(3), S&M3042

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Vol. 32, No. 8(2), S&M2292

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Sensors and Materials
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Sensors and Materials, Volume 35, Number 11(1) (2023)
Copyright(C) MYU K.K.
pp. 3567-3584
S&M3436 Research Paper
https://doi.org/10.18494/SAM4619
Published: November 8, 2023

Effects of Long-Term In vivo Stimulation on the Electrochemical Properties of a Porous Stimulation Electrode for a Suprachoroidal–Transretinal Stimulation (STS) Retinal Prosthesis [PDF]

Shuhei Nomura, Hiroyuki Tashiro, Yasuo Terasawa, Yukari Nakano, Makito Haruta, Kiyotaka Sasagawa, Hironari Takehara, Takeshi Morimoto, Takashi Fujikado, and Jun Ohta

(Received August 17, 2023; Accepted October 24, 2023)

Keywords: porous stimulation electrode, retinal prosthesis, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, equivalent circuit analysis, suprachoroidal–transretinal stimulation

A high-performance porous stimulation electrode [femtosecond laser-induced porosity (FLiP) electrode] was designed for the safe and effective delivery of high stimulation currents. Herein, we evaluated the electrochemical properties of the FLiP electrode interface under prolonged in vivo stimulation. The FLiP electrodes were surgically implanted in rabbits and subjected to stimulation currents over a six-month period. The impedance of these electrodes was examined through equivalent circuit analysis, specifically employing the Randles circuit model. Comparative analysis with the results of previous in vitro/in vivo studies was conducted. Electrical stimulation served to purify the electrode interface, enhancing mass diffusion and promoting charge-transfer reactions at the electrode interface. As a result, the electric double-layer capacitance (Cdl) could be enhanced by adjusting the ionic concentration at the electrode. The high charge injection capacity of the FLiP electrode is facilitated by not only capacitive currents resulting from Cdl but also pseudocapacitive currents stemming from the reversible redox reaction of H2 molecules. Our findings suggest that the initial evaluation outcomes can extrapolate the electrode properties during long-term stimulation, and the combined method of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and equivalent circuit analysis clarifies intricate in vivo interactions, allowing accurate analysis of the properties of implantable electrodes over extended periods.

Corresponding author: Hiroyuki Tashiro


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Cite this article
Shuhei Nomura, Hiroyuki Tashiro, Yasuo Terasawa, Yukari Nakano, Makito Haruta, Kiyotaka Sasagawa, Hironari Takehara, Takeshi Morimoto, Takashi Fujikado, and Jun Ohta, Effects of Long-Term In vivo Stimulation on the Electrochemical Properties of a Porous Stimulation Electrode for a Suprachoroidal–Transretinal Stimulation (STS) Retinal Prosthesis, Sens. Mater., Vol. 35, No. 11, 2023, p. 3567-3584.



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