The rapid urbanization in China has led to an increasing conflict between urban construction and ecological preservation, making the implementation of sponge city concepts essential. In this paper, we explore the monitoring, analysis, and evaluation techniques for sponge city construction within the framework of urban space governance. By leveraging urban territorial space monitoring, we established a comprehensive monitoring system for the underlying surfaces of sponge cities. The urban spatial information obtained through sensors serves as the data foundation for sponge city governance, enabling the precise tracking and management of critical urban factors. The methodology involves developing a multi-factor analysis model for assessing the status of sponge cities, surface runoff estimation, and the spatial layout optimization of impervious surfaces using an improved ant colony algorithm. The research highlights innovations such as integrating national spatial information technology with sponge city construction and establishing a correlation model between rainfall runoff coefficients and underlying surface variations. The findings demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods through a case study in Beijing’s urban subcenter, which showed significant improvements in urban water management, green infrastructure, and ecological resilience. This study provides a replicable and scalable framework for sponge city construction that can be adapted for other regions.