Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) utilize sewage and bacteria to generate electricity with low pollution, yet their power output remains insufficient for practical applications. To address this, in this study, we focus on the energy harvester technology of MFCs, specifically the micro/nanostructure fabrication of nanomaterials used for anode electrodes in energy collection. Electrophoretic deposition (EPD) is employed to fabricate a uniform graphene film on stainless steel mesh anodes, aiming to enhance the energy harvesting efficiency of MFCs. EPD offers advantages such as large-area deposition, shape flexibility, and tunable film compactness through parameters like voltage, time, and suspension composition. The Taguchi method was used to analyze the impact of these parameters. Experimental results show that the EPD-coated graphene anode significantly boosts power output, raising the maximum power density from 0.70 mW/m² (without modification) to 5.65 mW/m², an eightfold increase. This underscores the effectiveness of the micro/nanostructured electrode modification approach for energy harvesting applications.