Young Researcher Paper Award 2025
🥇Winners

Notice of retraction
Vol. 32, No. 8(2), S&M2292

Print: ISSN 0914-4935
Online: ISSN 2435-0869
Sensors and Materials
is an international peer-reviewed open access journal to provide a forum for researchers working in multidisciplinary fields of sensing technology.
Sensors and Materials
is covered by Science Citation Index Expanded (Clarivate Analytics), Scopus (Elsevier), and other databases.

Instructions to authors
English    日本語

Instructions for manuscript preparation
English    日本語

Template
English

Publisher
 MYU K.K.
 Sensors and Materials
 1-23-3-303 Sendagi,
 Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0022, Japan
 Tel: 81-3-3827-8549
 Fax: 81-3-3827-8547

MYU Research, a scientific publisher, seeks a native English-speaking proofreader with a scientific background. B.Sc. or higher degree is desirable. In-office position; work hours negotiable. Call 03-3827-8549 for further information.


MYU Research

(proofreading and recording)


MYU K.K.
(translation service)


The Art of Writing Scientific Papers

(How to write scientific papers)
(Japanese Only)

Sensors and Materials, Volume 38, Number 1(3) (2026)
Copyright(C) MYU K.K.
pp. 243-264
S&M4297 Research paper
https://doi.org/10.18494/SAM5956
Published: January 27, 2026

Automatic Generation of Level of Detail for National Digital Twin Building Using Industry Foundation Classes [PDF]

Hee Seok Lee and Jong Wook Ahn

(Received September 30, 2025; Accepted November 25, 2025)

Keywords: geospatial information, digital twin, IFC, CityGML, LOD, building, BIM to GIS, conversion

In this study, we propose a methodology for the automatic generation of building models from level of detail (LOD) 0 to LOD 3 that comply with KS X 6808-1, the national digital twin (NDT) building data model standard of South Korea, using industry foundation classes (IFC) data. This methodology enhances the utilization of 3D data derived directly from sensor-based spatial information acquisition technologies such as light detection and ranging (LiDAR) and photogrammetry. Previous studies have been limited to a specific LOD level or remain at city geography markup language (CityGML) 2.0-based conversion. In contrast, we establish an integrated conversion framework optimized for the KS X 6808-1 standard based on CityGML 3.0 and we develop the IFC2NDTBuilding generator to evaluate the proposed methodology. Through visualization verification of the converted data, we confirm that the structural consistency of the original model is maintained, and semantic preservation validation demonstrates a high preservation rate exceeding 98% in the experimental data. The results provide a practical method for efficiently constructing a national digital twin using IFC data and ensuring the consistency of 2D/3D geospatial information, thereby maximizing the utility of data obtained from advanced geospatial sensors. This methodology is expected to serve as a new approach to building information modeling (BIM)–geographic information system (GIS) integration.

Corresponding author: Jong Wook Ahn


Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Cite this article
Hee Seok Lee and Jong Wook Ahn, Automatic Generation of Level of Detail for National Digital Twin Building Using Industry Foundation Classes, Sens. Mater., Vol. 38, No. 1, 2026, p. 243-264.



Forthcoming Regular Issues


Forthcoming Special Issues

Special Issue on Novel Sensors, Materials, and Related Technologies on Artificial Intelligence of Things Applications
Guest editor, Teen-Hang Meen (National Formosa University), Wenbing Zhao (Cleveland State University), and Cheng-Fu Yang (National University of Kaohsiung)
Call for paper


Special Issue on Mobile Computing and Ubiquitous Networking for Smart Society
Guest editor, Akira Uchiyama (The University of Osaka) and Jaehoon Paul Jeong (Sungkyunkwan University)
Call for paper


Special Issue on Advanced Materials and Technologies for Sensor and Artificial- Intelligence-of-Things Applications (Selected Papers from ICASI 2026)
Guest editor, Sheng-Joue Young (National United University)
Conference website
Call for paper


Special Issue on Innovations in Multimodal Sensing for Intelligent Devices, Systems, and Applications
Guest editor, Jiahui Yu (Research scientist, Zhejiang University), Kairu Li (Professor, Shenyang University of Technology), Yinfeng Fang (Professor, Hangzhou Dianzi University), Chin Wei Hong (Professor, Tokyo Metropolitan University), Zhiqiang Zhang (Professor, University of Leeds)
Call for paper


Special Issue on Advanced Materials and Technologies for Sensor and Artificial- Intelligence-of-Things Applications (Selected Papers from ICASI 2025)
Guest editor, Sheng-Joue Young (National United University)
Conference website
Call for paper


Special Issue on Multisource Sensors for Geographic Spatiotemporal Analysis and Social Sensing Technology Part 5
Guest editor, Prof. Bogang Yang (Beijing Institute of Surveying and Mapping) and Prof. Xiang Lei Liu (Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture)


Copyright(C) MYU K.K. All Rights Reserved.