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Vol. 32, No. 8(2), S&M2292

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Sensors and Materials
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Sensors and Materials, Volume 37, Number 9(1) (2025)
Copyright(C) MYU K.K.
pp. 3869-3879
S&M4158 Research paper of Special Issue
https://doi.org/10.18494/SAM5740
Published: September 3, 2025

EnSta-Fi: Ensemble Stacking-based Human Activity Recognition by Leveraging Channel State Information Amplitude in Wi-Fi Sensing [PDF]

Dwi Joko Suroso, Aisyah A. Susanto, Liyas F.R. Tarigan, and Nazrul Effendy

(Received June 2, 2025; Accepted August 4, 2025)

Keywords: Wi-Fi sensing, channel state information, human activity recognition, ensemble stacking

Wi-Fi sensing-based human activity recognition (HAR) research has grown over the last decade. While conventional Wi-Fi sensing employs complex and high-cost devices, we focused on lightweight Wi-Fi sensing with ESP32 for channel state information (CSI) data collection. We aim to keep the setup minimal by considering a single antenna for relatively static activities, e.g., sitting, standing, and light walking. Thus, we leverage CSI amplitude and propose EnSta-Fi, a classification model based on ensemble stacking for Wi-Fi sensing, combining baseline machine learning models, i.e., k-nearest neighbor (kNN) and support vector machine (SVM), with the logistic regression as a final classifier. Our method includes the actual measurement setup to collect CSI, ensemble stacking model training, and evaluation. Results showed that EnSta-Fi outperforms individual kNN and SVM in terms of activity classification performance with accuracy improvements of 2.29 and 1.19%, respectively. Moreover, compared with deep learning models, e.g., bidirectional gated recurrent unit (Bi-GRU) and convolutional neural network (CNN), EnSta-Fi achieves higher accuracy and less computational time (40 and 2.5 times faster than Bi-GRU and CNN, respectively). From the results of our proposed method, we can conclude that EnSta-Fi is suitable for the real deployment of the HAR system, where straightforward setup, light weight, high accuracy, and low computational complexity are emphasized.

Corresponding author: Dwi Joko Suroso


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Cite this article
Dwi Joko Suroso, Aisyah A. Susanto, Liyas F.R. Tarigan, and Nazrul Effendy , EnSta-Fi: Ensemble Stacking-based Human Activity Recognition by Leveraging Channel State Information Amplitude in Wi-Fi Sensing, Sens. Mater., Vol. 37, No. 9, 2025, p. 3869-3879.



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