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S&M4159 Research paper of Special Issue https://doi.org/10.18494/SAM5832 Published: September 3, 2025 Anomaly Flying Height Prediction Based on Clustering Techniques in Hard Disk Drive Manufacturing [PDF] Worawit Kanjanapruthipong and Poom Konghuayrob (Received June 30, 2025; Accepted August 4, 2025) Keywords: flying height, hard disk drive, AI, clustering, KMeans, MiniBatchKMeans, Birch, BisectingKMeans, Elbow method, confusion matrix, mosaic plot
In this research, we present a method for predicting anomaly flying height (FH) profiles in hard disk drive (HDD) manufacturing by analyzing FH data at the FH1 stage. Anomalies at FH1 can lead to calibration issues at FH2, disrupting the production process. We propose an AI-based approach using unsupervised clustering techniques to group FH profiles of the read/write head. We evaluated four clustering algorithms, KMeans, MiniBatchKMeans, Birch, and BisectingKMeans, along with the Elbow method to determine the optimal number of clusters. By identifying anomalous FH profiles early at FH1, the method enables proactive intervention, reducing calibration process time and improving production efficiency. Our model achieved an accuracy of 0.939 without relying on manual feature selection (e.g., pressure and temperature), which is often difficult to capture using traditional linear or rule-based models owing to the nonlinear nature of FH profiles. These results demonstrate the practical potential of clustering techniques in enhancing HDD manufacturing processes.
Corresponding author: Poom Konghuayrob![]() ![]() This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Cite this article Worawit Kanjanapruthipong and Poom Konghuayrob, Anomaly Flying Height Prediction Based on Clustering Techniques in Hard Disk Drive Manufacturing , Sens. Mater., Vol. 37, No. 9, 2025, p. 3881-3892. |